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Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (PaLM)

Reference Ranges

Whole Blood Reference Range

Essential Trace Elements
	Conventional Unit			SI Unit
Elements	Low	High	Unit	Low	High	Unit
Calcium	42.6	51.8	mg/L	1.06	1.29	mmol/L
Chromium	0.00	1.20	µg/L	0.00	23.1	nmol/L
Cobalt	0.00	0.50	µg/L	0.00	8.5	nmol/L
Copper Male	683	1036	µg/L	10.8	16.3	µmol/L
Copper Female	752	1565	µg/L	11.8	24.6	µmol/L
Magnesium	25.3	36.3	mg/L	1.04	1.49	mmol/L
Manganese	5.4	19.5	µg/L	98	355	nmol/L
Molybdenum	0.00	1.6	µg/L	0.00	16.7	nmol/L
Selenium	117	177	µg/L	1.48	2.24	µmol/L
Vanadium	0.00	0.250	µg/L	0.00	4.9	nmol/L
Zinc	4083	6044	µg/L	63	92	µmol/L

Toxic Elements
	Conventional Unit			SI Unit
Elements	Low	High	Unit	Low	High	Unit
Aluminum	0.00	15	µg/L	0.00	559.6	nmol/L
Antimony	0.00	3.00	µg/L	0.00	24.64	nmol/L
Arsenic	0.00	3.8	µg/L	0.00	50.7	nmol/L
Cadmium (0-16 years)	0.00	0.71	µg/L	0.00	6.3	nmol/L
Cadmium (≥ 17 years)	0.00	3.60	µg/L	0.00	32.0	nmol/L
Cadmium (Smokers)	0.00	5.40	µg/L	0.00	48.0	nmol/L
Lead	0.00	20	µg/L	0.00	0.10	µmol/L
Mercury (0-16 years)	0.00	2.00	µg/L	0.00	10.0	nmol/L
Mercury (≥ 17 years)	0.00	3.70	µg/L	0.00	18.5	nmol/L
Nickel	0.00	1.301	µg/L	0.00	22.2	nmol/L
Niobium	0.00	0.035	µg/L	0.00	0.38	nmol/L
Thallium	0.00	0.050	µg/L	0.00	0.24	nmol/L
Titanium	0.00	3.0	µg/L	0.00	62.7	nmol/L
Zirconium	0.00	0.13	µg/L	0.00	1.4	nmol/L

Erythrocyte Reference Range

Essential Trace Elements
	Conventional Unit			SI Unit
Elements	Low	High	Unit	Low	High	Unit
Calcium	11.21	20.43	mg/L	0.28	0.51	mmol/L
Chromium	0.00	1.60	µg/L	0.00	30.8	nmol/L
Cobalt	0.00	0.50	µg/L	0.00	8.5	nmol/L
Copper	551	862	µg/L	8.7	13.6	µmol/L
Magnesium	38.1(L)	55.6(H)	mg/L	1.57(L)	2.29(H)	mmol/L
Manganese	9.4	38.3	µg/L	171	697	nmol/L
Molybdenum	0.00	1.0	µg/L	0.00	10.4	nmol/L
Selenium	150	233	µg/L	1.9	3.0	µmol/L
Vanadium	0.00	0.250	µg/L	0.00	4.9	nmol/L
Zinc 0-12 years	5194(L)	11946(H)	µg/L	79(L)	183(H)	µmol/L
Zinc ≥ 13 years	9026	15061	µg/L	138	230	µmol/L
Toxic Elements
Aluminum	0.00	21	µg/L	0.00	778	nmol/L
Antimony	0.00	0.50	µg/L	0.00	4.11	nmol/L
Aresenic	0.00	4.9	µg/L	0.00	65.4	nmol/L
Cadmium	0.00	5.20	µg/L	0.00	46.3	nmol/L
Lead	0.00	36.8	µg/L	0.00	0.18	µmol/L
Mercury	0.00	6.25	µg/L	0.00	31.2	nmol/L
Nickel	0.00	2.8	µg/L	0.00	47.7	nmol/L
Niobium	0.00	0.025	µg/L	0.00	0.27	nmol/L
Thallium	0.00	0.050	µg/L	0.00	0.24	nmol/L
Titanium	0.00	4.0	µg/L	0.00	83.6	nmol/L
Zirconium	0.00	0.15	µg/L	0.00	1.6	nmol/L

Plasma Reference Range

Essential Trace Elements
	Conventional Unit			SI Unit
Elements	Low	High	Unit	Low	High	Unit
Chromium	0.00	0.50	µg/L	0.00	9.6	nmol/L
Cobalt	0.00	0.65	µg/L	0.00	11.0	nmol/L
Copper 0-3 months	89	457	µg/L	1.4	7.2	µmol/L
Copper 4-6 months	248	1099	µg/L	3.9	17.3	µmol/L
Copper 7-12 months	502	1302	µg/L	7.9	20.5	µmol/L
Copper 1-5 years	801	1499	µg/L	12.6	23.6	µmol/L
Copper 6-9 years	839	1360	µg/L	13.2	21.4	µmol/L
Copper 10-13 male	800	1207	µg/L	12.6	19.0	µmol/L
Copper 10-13 female	822	1201	µg/L	12.9	18.9	µmol/L
Copper ≥ 14 male	711	1310	µg/L	11.2	20.6	µmol/L
Copper ≥ 14 female	860	2317	µg/L	13.5	36.5	µmol/L
Manganese	0.44	1.14	µg/L	8.0	20.8	nmol/L
Molybdenum	0.4	2.3	µg/L	4.7	24.0	nmol/L
Selenium 0-12 months	56.9	95.6	µg/L	0.72	1.21	µmol/L
Selenium 1-5 years	96.4	143.8	µg/L	1.22	1.82	µmol/L
Selenium 6-9 years	100.8	161.4	µg/L	1.28	2.04	µmol/L
Selenium ≥ 10 years	105.3	160.4	µg/L	1.33	2.03	µmol/L
Vanadium	0.00	0.250	µg/L	0.00	4.9	nmol/L
Zinc 0-1 month	647	1399	µg/L	9.9	21.4	µmol/L
Zinc 1-12 months	647	1301	µg/L	9.9	19.9	µmol/L
Zinc 1-4 years	673	1183	µg/L	10.3	18.1	µmol/L
Zinc 5-8 years	771	1072	µg/L	11.8	16.4	µmol/L
Zinc 9-12 years male	758	1007	µg/L	11.6	15.4	µmol/L
Zinc 9-12 years female	791	1176	µg/L	12.1	18.0	µmol/L
Zinc ≥ 13 years	617	979	µg/L	9.4	15.0	µmol/L
Toxic Elements
Aluminum	0.00	7.9	µg/L	0.00	293	nmol/L
Nickel	0.00	1.3	µg/L	0.00	22.2	nmol/L
Titanium	0.00	3.00	µg/L	0.00	62.7	nmol/L

Serum Reference Range

Essential Trace Elements
	Conventional Unit			SI Unit
Elements	Low	High	Unit	Low	High	Unit
Chromium	0.00	0.50(High)	µg/L	0.00	9.6(High)	nmol/L
Cobalt	0.00	0.65(High)	µg/L	0.00	11.0(High)	nmol/L
Toxic Elements
Titanium	0.00	3.00(High)	µg/L	0.00	62.7(High)	nmol/L

Liver Tissue Reference Range

Essential Elements Liver
	Conventional Unit			SI Unit
Elements	Low	High	Unit	Low	High	Unit
Copper	10	35	µg/g	0.16	0.55	µmol/g
Iron	200	2000	µg/g	3.6	35.8	µmol/g

Random Urine Reference Range

Essential Elements
	Conventional Unit			SI Unit
Elements	Low	High	Unit	Low	High	Unit
Boron	0.00	4.9	mg/g Cre	0.00	51.3	mmol/mol Cre
Chromium	0.00	2.00	µg/g Cre	0.00	4.35	µmol/mol Cre
Cobalt	0.00	1.80	µg/g Cre	0.00	3.46	µmol/mol Cre
Copper	5	44	µg/g Cre	9	79	µmol/mol Cre
Manganese	0.00	0.69	µg/g Cre	0.00	1.42	µmol/mol Cre
Molybdenum	15	149	µg/g Cre	18	176	µmol/mol Cre
Selenium	23	111	µg/g Cre	33	159	µmol/mol Cre
Strontium	60	374	µg/g Cre	77	483	µmol/mol Cre
Sulfur	324	1011	mg/g Cre	1.1	3.6	mol/mol Cre
Tin	0.00	3.0	µg/g Cre	0.00	2.9	µmol/mol Cre
Vanadium	0.00	79	ng/g Cre	0.00	176	nmol/mol Cre
Zinc	40	743	µg/g Cre	69	1286	µmol/mol Cre
Toxic Elements
Aluminum	0.00	16	µg/g Cre	0.00	67	µmol/mol Cre
Antimony	0.00	116	ng/g Cre	0.00	108	nmol/mol Cre
Aresenic Inorganic	0.00	14	µg/g Cre	0.00	21	µmol/mol Cre
Aresenic Total	0.00	62	µg/g Cre	0.00	93	µmol/mol Cre
Barium	0.00	9.5	µg/g Cre	0.00	7.8	µmol/mol Cre
Beryllium	0.00	191	ng/g Cre	0.00	2.4	µmol/mol Cre
Bismuth	0.00	59	ng/g Cre	0.00	32	nmol/mol Cre
Cadmium	0.00	1.4	µg/g Cre	0.00	1.4	µmol/mol Cre
Iron	0.00	29	µg/g Cre	0.00	59	µmol/mol Cre
Lead	0.00	1.8	µg/g Cre	0.00	1.0	µmol/mol Cre
Mercury	0.00	2.1	µg/g Cre	0.00	1.2	µmol/mol Cre
Nickel	0.00	5.2	µg/g Cre	0.00	10.0	µmol/mol Cre
Thallium	0.00	643	ng/g Cre	0.00	356	nmol/mol Cre
Uranium	0.00	15	ng/g Cre	0.00	7.1	nmol/mol Cre

24 Hour Urine Reference Range

Essential Elements
	Conventional Unit			SI Unit
Elements	Low	High	Unit	Low	High	Unit
Boron	0.00	10.5	mg/d	0.00	0.97	mmol/d
Chromium	0.00	0.80	µg/d	0.00	15.4	nmol/d
Cobalt	0.00	1.25	µg/d	0.00	21.2	nmol/d
Copper	3.8	17.8	µg/d	0.06	0.28	µmol/d
Iron	0.00	20.1	µg/g	0.00	0.36	µmol/d
Manganese	0.00	0.80	µg/d	0.00	14.6	nmol/d
Molybdenum	19.2	182.3	µg/d	0.20	1.90	µmol/d
Selenium	30.0	130.3	µg/d	0.38	1.65	µmol/d
Strontium	40.0	229.6	µg/d	0.46	2.62	µmol/d
Sulfur	250	802	mg/d	7.8	25.0	mmol/d
Tin	0.00	7.0	µg/d	0.00	59.0	nmol/d
Vanadium	0.00	0.200	µg/d	0.00	3.93	nmol/d
Zinc	98	602	µg/d	1.5	9.2	µmol/d
Toxic Elements
Aluminum	0.00	25.1	µg/d	0.00	0.93	µmol/d
Antimony	0.00	0.084	µg/d	0.00	0.69	nmol/d
Aresenic Inorganic	0.00	15.0	µg/d	0.00	0.20	µmol/d
Aresenic Total	0.00	60.0	µg/d	0.00	0.80	µmol/d
Barium	0.00	5.0	µg/d	0.00	36.4	nmol/d
Beryllium	0.00	0.150	µg/d	0.00	16.7	nmol/d
Bismuth	0.00	0.1	µg/d	0.00	0.48	nmol/d
Cadmium	0.00	2.0	µg/d	0.00	17.8	nmol/d
Lead	0.00	4.0	µg/d	0.00	19.3	nmol/d
Mercury	0.00	4.0	µg/d	0.00	20.0	nmol/d
Nickel	0.00	5.0	µg/d	0.00	85.2	nmol/d
Thallium	0.00	0.6	µg/d	0.00	2.94	nmol/d
Uranium	0.00	0.015	µg/d	0.00	0.063	nmol/d

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